Common Milk adulterants in developing country Nepal

Common milk adulterants in developing country Nepal: A short review

Swotantra Dangi Forum for Rural Welfare and Agricultural Reform for Development, Bharatpur-2, Chitwan, Nepal. Dairy for Development in Nepal Project

Milk adulteration is a serious concern in developing country Nepal and is at higher risk due to lack of government policies. Milk is almost a complete food containing essential nutrients required for growth and maintenance of the body. Milk is a high-risk commodity that can be adulterated in numerous ways and turn affects milk quality. The quality and safe milk production are one of the biggest problems faced by developing countries, and Nepal is one of them. The reason behind the milk adulteration is more for economic concerns, but the root cause of adulteration is to increase milk demand during the lean season in developing countries and the existing supply chain. Water being cheap is the most common adulterant added in the milk that decreases the nutrient content of milk. Milk producer also adds the preservatives to increase the shelf life of milk, caustic soda to reduce the milk acidity and materials like urea, starch, sugar and milk powder to increase SNF content. Such milk adulterants can possess serious health hazards to the public leading to fatal diseases. This review shows the common milk adulteration practices in-country Nepal and their impacts on food safety and human health and emphasize potential strategies for control of such adulteration practices.

You can access my article  at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355425597_Common_milk_adulterants_in_developing_country_Nepal_A_short_review_Swotantra_Dangi_Forum_for_Rural_Welfare_and_Agricultural_Reform_for_Development_Bharatpur2_Chitwan_Nepal_Dairy_for_Development_in_Nepal

 

Winter Fodder-Berseem

Berseem (Trifolium Alexandrinum)

Also known as King of Fodder

Winter legume

• Highly Nutritious and palatable, increased production in livestock

• A research has illustrated that feeding berseem reduces the feed cost by 5% as compared to concentrate feeding.

Climate:  

• Tropical & Sub-tropical climate

• Cultivated 1500 m.a.s.l (terai and mid-hills)

Soil: 

• Clay loamy soil is suitable for its growth and it does not grow on acidic soils

• Thoroughly ploughed land is required prior to seed sowing.

Seed Inoculation in Berseem:

• Mix Berseem seeds in inoculum prior to sowing.

• Prepare solution of 1 liter of water and 100 gm of sugar (1:100 gm of Sugar/Molasses)

• Boil till the solution becomes sticky and the solution is prepared

• Thereafter mix the berseem seeds with inoculum and dry it for 2-3 hours which allows seeds to stick properly in inoculum.

• After that, the seeds are sown within 24 hours.

Variety: Out of 12 varieties of Berseem Mescavi, Bradan are popular varieties in Nepal.

Seed Sowing time: Ashoj-Karktik

Method of Sowing:

• Rice Field:

Inoculated berseem seeds are sown in rice fields after introducing little water in rice field.

•  Muddy field:

It is one of the best methods for berseem seeds sowing.

If the irrigation facility is there, then provide up to 2 inches of water on field after ploughing. Thereafter, sowing of berseem seeds is done.

•         Dhule byad: 
  Thorough Ploughing is required to sow berseem seeds in area where the irrigation is limited. Fertilizer should be mixed in the field prior to sowing inoculated seeds.

Seed should not be sown more than 1 inch depth.

Seed rate: 20-25 kg/hectare

Fertilizer: 25:60:25

Irrigation: @ interval of 15-20 days

Fodder Cutting: 50-60 days after sowing.

Green Fodder Production:70-80 Metric ton/hectare

Seed Production:500-700 kg/hectare

Nutrients:

CP: 20-25%

Minerals:9-18%

Ca:1.24-2.13%

P: 0.14-0.57%

 

 

Have you faced loss after purchasing agriculture,livestock and herb insurance? Follow the recommended steps to claim such loss

Claim process in Agriculture, Livestock and Herb Insurance

Ø Inform to company regarding the loss of the insured animals/crops/herbs via telephone, fax, email, SMS or in written form.

Ø   Completely filled Claim form.

Ø   Provide original copy in case of total loss while photocopy of original in case of partial loss.

Ø   Collect the signature, contact number including signature of atleast 5 neighbor.

Ø  Certification by institutions; local level, local Ward office that provide agriculture and livestock services.

Ø  Assessment of loss (Agriculture, livestock and herbs directive, 2079).

Ø   Below 5 lakhs of sum insured- Assessment by company itself.

Ø   Above 5 lakhs of sum insured -Assessment by loss assessor must be done.

Ø   Loss assessor should enclose the 1 video clip of at least 1 minute and 5 photographs captured from different angles along with loss assessed report.

Ø    In case the loss assessor is assigned, the company should assign the loss assessor within 7 days of loss reported.

Ø   The loss assessor should provide the report within 15 days from the assigned time.

Ø    The company after checking all the relevant documents should provide claim amount payment within 35 days of report submission by loss assessor.

 

Want to buy an Agriculture, Livestock and Herbs insurance product? If yes, follow these steps.

Purchase process of an Agriculture, Livestock and Herbs Product 

1.       Select the non-life insurance company.

2.       Fill the proposal form by self or with help of Insurance agent.

3.    Ensure the agriculture crops/herbs are at good condition or animal is/are healthy prior to insurance   verified by relevant technician( Agriculture technician for agriculture & herbs insurance, Livestock   technician for livestock insurance)

4.      Submit the proposal form along with the technical form.

5.      Company underwriting team reviews all the documents.

6.      Determine the premium based on the type of product to be insured.

7.      Premium payment by the farmers.

8.      Receive the receipt of product coverage.

9.      Insurance product purchased.

 Insurance risk coverage starts..

Source( Agriculture, Livestock and Herbs Chinari,NIA,2081)

Trend of fish policy issued in 3 FY

    

Fig1 Line graph showing the provincewise fish policy issued/sold
 in year 2077-78

The line graph illustrates the fish policy issued provincewise in the year 2077-78.The highest fish policy issued were in Madhesh Province followed by Bagmati and then Lumbini province and Karnali being the least.The highest policy issued in Madhesh indicates the fish production is more in case of Madhesh province and fish insurance is likely more there.As per statistics, the fish production in Terai is also highest 5.9 mt hectare

  Fig1 Line graph showing the provincewise fish policy issued/sold

   in year 2078-79

  

           

The line graph illustrates the fish policy issued provincewise in the year 2078-79.The highest fish policy issued were in Madhesh Province followed by Lumbini province and then Koshi province.The karnali province shows the least policy issued.

Fig1 Line graph showing the provincewise fish policy issued/sold

    in year 2079-80

The line graph illustrates the fish policy issued proncewise in the year 2079-80.The highest fish policy issued were in Madhesh Province followed by Lumbini province and then Koshi province.The karnali province shows the least policy issued.

Summary:

The all above line graphs illustrate that the fish policy issued were more in Madhesh province which indicates high fish production in the given area and insurance adoption.On other hand, the least policy issued were found in Karnali province indicating that the fish production is less and fish insurance adoption is least in compared with other provinces.

Source:( Nepal Insurance Authority)

माछा बीमा सम्बन्धी प्राविधिक व्यवस्था तथा जानकारी पृष्ठभूमीः 

नेपालको जैविक विविधता र जलस्रोतमा धनी देश हो। वर्तमान समयमा मत्स्यपालन कृषि क्षेत्रको विकसित उप-क्षेत्रको रुपमा रहेको छ। यहाँ अनेक प्रकारका जल सम्पदाहरु रहेका छन। 

नेपालमा नदी, ताल, रिजरभ्वायर, पोखरी, सिंचाइका नहर-कुलो, सडक छेउका जलाशय, सिमसार तथा घोल र सिंचित धानखेत आदि गरी कुल ८,२७,३१७ हेक्टर जलाशय क्षेत्रफल रहेको छ। विभिन्न प्रकारका कृत्रिम र प्राकृतिक जलाशयहरुमा अनेक जाति प्रजातिका माछाहरु र विभिन्न प्रकारका जलीय जीवहरु समेत पाइन्छन्। 

माछा पालनले प्राकृतिक स्रोत साधन, जलीय जीवहरुको संरक्षंण र सम्वर्द्धन तथा मत्स्यपालनमा प्रयोग भएको नया प्रविधिले दिगो विकासको लक्ष्य अनुरुप मानव जीवनलाई आवश्यक पर्ने पोषक तत्वहरु परिपूर्ति गर्न सहज पुर्याएको छ। विगत १२ वर्षमा मत्स्य उप क्षेत्रको वृध्दिदर दोहोरो अंकमा रहेकोले कृषिका अन्य पेशा मध्ये एक आकर्षक पेशाको रुपमा रहेको छ।

 मत्स्य क्षेत्रको कृषि ग्रार्हस्थ उत्पादनमा १.८३ प्रतिशत योगदान रहेको छ भने कूल ग्रार्हस्थ उत्पादनमा ०.४४ प्रतिशत रहेको छ । (केन्द्रिय मत्स्य प्रवर्द्धन केन्द्र वार्षिक प्रगति पुस्तिका, २०७८-७९) 

वर्तमान अवस्थाः 

मत्स्य क्षेत्रमा संलग्न जनसंख्याः६२,३९७ 

कूल माछा उत्पादनः १,१३,७३६ मे.ट

माछा निर्यातः ३,७३२ मे.ट 

तराईमा पोखरीमा माछा उत्पादनः ५.९ मे.टन प्रति हेक्टर

पहाड:४.६७ मे.टन प्रति हेक्टर 

उच्च पहाड:१.६७ मे.टन प्रति हेक्टर

 स्रोत: (केन्द्रिय मत्स्य प्रवर्द्धन केन्द्र , २०७८-७९) 

माछा पालनका किसिमहरुः

नेपालमा दुई किसिमको माछा पालन भईरहेको छ। 

न्यानो पानीमा हुर्कने माछाहरुः ७ जातका कार्पहरु, ३ वटा स्वदेशी र ४ वटा विदेशी जातहरु क) रोहु ख) नैनी ग) भाकुर घ) कमन कार्प ङ) सिल्भर कार्प च) बिगहेड कार्प छ) ग्रास कार्प 

२) चिसो पानीमा हुर्कने माछाहरुः मध्य-पहाड देखि उच्च पहाडसम्म चिसो हावापानी भएको ठाउँमा(<२० डिग्री सेल्सियस) पालन गर्न सकिन्छ। क) ट्राउट माछा 

नेपालमा मत्स्य पालनका लागि सिफारिस भएका जातहरुः 

१) कमन कार्प,

 २) सिल्भर कार्प, 

३) बिगहेड कार्प, 

४) ग्रास कार्प, 

५) रोहु, 

६) नैनी, 

७) भाकुर, 

८) रेन्बो ट्राउट 

(माछा भूरा मापदण्ड २०६१) 

माछा बीमालेखको विशेष व्यवस्था 

पोखरी वा रेसवेमा माछाको भुरा राखेको १५ दिन भित्र बीमा गरि सक्नु पर्नेछ । 

न्यानो पानीमा हुर्कने माछा जस्तै कार्प र पंगास को हकमा मंसिर, पुस र माघ महिनामा सुरुको स्टक राख्नु हुँदैन।

माछा पालनको लागि तयार गरिएको पोखरी (जलाशय) न्यनूतम दुई सय वर्ग मिटर र कम्तीमा एक मिटर गहिराई हुनपुर्नेछ।

माऊ माछा पालन पोखरीको हकमा पोखरीको क्षत्रफल न्यनुतम दुई हजार वर्ग मिटर सम्म हुनपुर्नेछ । 

पोखरीमा माऊ माछा व्यवस्थापन गर्दा माउ माछा प्रति हेक्टर बढीमा सत्ताइस सय के .जी. हुने गरेर व्यवस्थापन गरी राख्नु पर्नेछ । 

माछा बीमालेखको बीमाशुल्क ३ प्रतिशतका दरले लाग्नेछ ।

स्रोतः (माछा बीमालेख २०८०।०२।३०)

Formulation of goat feed

Feeding guide for goat

Source: A Textbook of Animal Husbandry,G.C Banerjee