Common Milk adulterants in developing country Nepal

Common milk adulterants in developing country Nepal: A short review

Swotantra Dangi Forum for Rural Welfare and Agricultural Reform for Development, Bharatpur-2, Chitwan, Nepal. Dairy for Development in Nepal Project

Milk adulteration is a serious concern in developing country Nepal and is at higher risk due to lack of government policies. Milk is almost a complete food containing essential nutrients required for growth and maintenance of the body. Milk is a high-risk commodity that can be adulterated in numerous ways and turn affects milk quality. The quality and safe milk production are one of the biggest problems faced by developing countries, and Nepal is one of them. The reason behind the milk adulteration is more for economic concerns, but the root cause of adulteration is to increase milk demand during the lean season in developing countries and the existing supply chain. Water being cheap is the most common adulterant added in the milk that decreases the nutrient content of milk. Milk producer also adds the preservatives to increase the shelf life of milk, caustic soda to reduce the milk acidity and materials like urea, starch, sugar and milk powder to increase SNF content. Such milk adulterants can possess serious health hazards to the public leading to fatal diseases. This review shows the common milk adulteration practices in-country Nepal and their impacts on food safety and human health and emphasize potential strategies for control of such adulteration practices.

You can access my article  at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355425597_Common_milk_adulterants_in_developing_country_Nepal_A_short_review_Swotantra_Dangi_Forum_for_Rural_Welfare_and_Agricultural_Reform_for_Development_Bharatpur2_Chitwan_Nepal_Dairy_for_Development_in_Nepal

 

Winter Fodder-Berseem

Berseem (Trifolium Alexandrinum)

Also known as King of Fodder

Winter legume

• Highly Nutritious and palatable, increased production in livestock

• A research has illustrated that feeding berseem reduces the feed cost by 5% as compared to concentrate feeding.

Climate:  

• Tropical & Sub-tropical climate

• Cultivated 1500 m.a.s.l (terai and mid-hills)

Soil: 

• Clay loamy soil is suitable for its growth and it does not grow on acidic soils

• Thoroughly ploughed land is required prior to seed sowing.

Seed Inoculation in Berseem:

• Mix Berseem seeds in inoculum prior to sowing.

• Prepare solution of 1 liter of water and 100 gm of sugar (1:100 gm of Sugar/Molasses)

• Boil till the solution becomes sticky and the solution is prepared

• Thereafter mix the berseem seeds with inoculum and dry it for 2-3 hours which allows seeds to stick properly in inoculum.

• After that, the seeds are sown within 24 hours.

Variety: Out of 12 varieties of Berseem Mescavi, Bradan are popular varieties in Nepal.

Seed Sowing time: Ashoj-Karktik

Method of Sowing:

• Rice Field:

Inoculated berseem seeds are sown in rice fields after introducing little water in rice field.

•  Muddy field:

It is one of the best methods for berseem seeds sowing.

If the irrigation facility is there, then provide up to 2 inches of water on field after ploughing. Thereafter, sowing of berseem seeds is done.

•         Dhule byad: 
  Thorough Ploughing is required to sow berseem seeds in area where the irrigation is limited. Fertilizer should be mixed in the field prior to sowing inoculated seeds.

Seed should not be sown more than 1 inch depth.

Seed rate: 20-25 kg/hectare

Fertilizer: 25:60:25

Irrigation: @ interval of 15-20 days

Fodder Cutting: 50-60 days after sowing.

Green Fodder Production:70-80 Metric ton/hectare

Seed Production:500-700 kg/hectare

Nutrients:

CP: 20-25%

Minerals:9-18%

Ca:1.24-2.13%

P: 0.14-0.57%