Various sources of milk contamination

Cite: Swotantra Dangi,Chapter 35 - Various sources of milk contamination,Editor(s): Tanmoy Rana,Handbook of Milk Production, Quality and  Nutrition,Academic Press,2025,Pages 427-435,ISBN 9780443248207,https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-24820-7.00052-3.(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780443248207000523)

Abstract:

Milk in a natural state can be contaminated in numerous ways and in turn affects milk quality. Milk and their product contaminants are classified as infectious and noninfectious agents. Food-borne illnesses are generally infectious or toxic and caused by major infectious diseases such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, chemical substances that gain access into the body through contaminated food or water. Food safety and strict quality control measures are required to ensure nutritional quality and public health safety. Milk has a high food value containing essential nutrients for proper growth and maintenance of the human body. Due to its high nutritive value, global production and milk consumption have increased. The milk and by-products for export and safe human consumption need to pass the strictest quality standards. Apart from this, hazard analysis and critical control points examination to ensure the safety of milk and its products during the manufacturing process is must.

Keywords: Contamination; Developing country; Milk; Milk products; Public health.

                                    

                                                        

                                                              

                                               

 

                                               

Claim process in ALIS Software

 

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 नेपालमा मत्स्य पालनका लागि सिफारिस भएका माछाका जातहरुः

१) कमन कार्प (Cyprinus carpio)                   

२) सिल्भर कार्प (Hypothalmicthys molitrix) 

३) बिग हेड कार्प (Hypothalmicthys nobilis/ Aristichthys nobilis)

 ४) ग्रास कार्प (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

५) रोहु (Labeo rohita)

६) नैनी(Cirhinas mrigala)

७) भाकुर( Catla catla)

८) रेन्बो ट्राउट(Onchorhyncus mykiss)

Source text: (माछा भुरा बारे मापदण्ड २०६१)  

Source image:(krishimala.com)

कृषि बीमाको रियल टाईम सफ्टवयेरको प्रयोग र सफ्टवयेर मार्फत बीमालेख जारी गर्ने प्रकृया

Application of Agriculture Real Time Insurance Software in Nepal

Agriculture contributes 27% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) playing an inevitable role in Nepalese economy. Livestock commodity of the agriculture sector that accounts for 25.7% of agricultural GDP, also plays an important role in daily human nutrition as well as national economy.  Various risk in agriculture such as diseases, pests and climate hazards, natural calamities and accidents cause serious economic loss to the farming communities in Nepal. These risks in needs to be addressed, where the agriculture insurance acts as an important risk bearing mechanism. The conventional insurance models/systems face numerous challenges such as insurance frauds, delayed claims and high operational costs, and less transparent. Agriculture Insurance Real Time Software is integrated technology that would play an inevitable role in mitigating these risks. Thus, the integrated software will play a significant role in enhancing the efficacy of agriculture and livestock insurance, check and balance the insurance frauds. In addition to this, it helps in tracking subsidy amount, claims, reduce operational cost and make the insurance sector more transparent.

The agriculture and livestock insurance policy can be issued through the link below:

Insurance policy issuance process

Link: alis.nia.gov.np

The farmer registers with his mobile number.

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Then, after generating an OTP, the user logs in with a password and fills in the KYC.

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The farmer requests insurance for the relevant livestock or vegetable farming.

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The company's branch reviews the request and either accepts or rejects it. At the same time, the company designates the relevant technician before accepting the request.

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Thereafter farmer fills the proposal form himself or through an agent.

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The technician will log in and fill in the technical details.

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The company's branch will log in and after reviewing the proposal form and technical form, issue a draft insurance policy and send it to the farmer for approval.

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The farmer will log in and review the draft insurance policy and accept it if the details are correct.

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The company's branch will log in and put the draft insurance policy in pending status.

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Finally, it will pull the data from the system to its system through API and issue the insurance policy and finally push the data to the Alis system.

    

SUBSIDY AND CLAIM RATIO TREND OF LIVESTOCK INSURANCE IN NEPAL

RESEARCH ARTICLE BUSINESS, ORGANIZATIONS AND SOCIETY (BOSOC) 

DOI: http://doi.org/10.26480/bosoc.01.2024.52.56 

Swotantra Dangi Department of Agriculture & Livestock Section, Nepal Insurance Authority. *Corresponding Author Email Address: cswotantra@gmail.com 

SUBSIDY AND CLAIM RATIO TREND OF LIVESTOCK INSURANCE IN NEPAL

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited ARTICLE DETAILS ABSTRACT Article History: Received 23 August 2024 Revised 18 September 2024 Accepted 11 October 2024 Available online 14 October 2024

Abstract:

Livestock enterprise is prone to various diseases, accidental death and natural calamities. The agriculture & livestock insurance system was developed in 2069 B.S to promote and develop this sector in Nepal reducing risk in agriculture & livestock sector. The government provides an 80% subsidy on the insurance premium to motivate farmers to insure their livestock species and agriculture product and help to enhance productivity & reduce the poverty. To access the status of subsidy and claim ratio and other relevant parameters, the 14 non-insurance companies located in Kathmandu were selected purposively for data collection. The study suggested an increasing trend of sum insured amount, premium, subsidy and claim paid. The average subsidy amount was 620.0413 million. The least subsidy amount was found to be min 5.646187 million in year 2070- 71 while the highest subsidy amount was 1407.618 million in year 2079-80; however, great challenge remains on government part for proper design, planning and subsidy implementation to promote equality, access credit to farmers and efficient reach to target farmers. Regarding claim ratio, the average claim ratio was found to be 65.36%. The least claim ratio was observed 45% in the year 2077-78 while the highest claim ratio was observed 105% in year 2070-71. On an average, only 65% of premium earned by insurance companies are used during claim settlement in livestock insurance 10 years period.

Thus, the proper design, planning and implementation of subsidy and timely claim payment to the farmers are essential for success of livestock insurance program in Nepal. 

KEYWORDS Farmers, Livestock, Insurance, risk coverage, Claim payment, Nepal

नेपालमा पंगास खेती

तराईको विभिन्न स्थानहरु जस्तै; झापा,मोरङ,सिराहा,धनुषा,सर्लाहि, बारा, चितवन, दाङ जिल्लाहरूमा केहि कृषकहरूले पंगास माछा पालन गर्दै आएका छन्। 

यो माछाको भुरा देशमा हालसम्म ब्यवसायिक किसिमले उत्पादन हुन नसक्दा आयातित भुरामा कृषकहरूको ब्यवसाय पुर्ण रूपमा भर परेको अवस्था छ। प्रत्येक बर्ष भारत बाट बिगत केहि बर्ष देखी पंगास माछा आयात भइ रहेको अवस्था छ र  नेपाली उपभोक्ताहरूले क्रमश पंगास माछा मन पराउदै गएको पाइन्छ।

यस गरी देशका बिभिन्न भागमा पंगास माछा पालन भएको हुँदा आगामी दिनमा यसको थप बिस्तार हुने सम्भावना प्रवल देखिन्छ। 

निजि स्तरमा भुरा उत्पादन गराई पंगास माछाको प्रबर्धन गर्ने उदेश्यले सरकारी निकायबाट मत्स्य ह्यचरी निर्माणमा अनुदान दिने कार्य बिगत केहि बर्ष देखी भइरहेको छ भने केहि ब्यवसायिहरूलाइ अन्तराष्ट्रिय बजारबाट तालिम प्रदान गरी उनीहरूको क्षमता वृद्धि गर्ने प्रयासहरू भइरहेका छन। 

 

पंगास माछा पालन गर्दा निम्न कुराहरुमा ध्यान दिनुपर्दछ।

• पुरानो पोखरीको पानी सुकाउनु पर्दछ ।
•  माछाको भुरा राख्नु भन्दा पहिले पोखरीलाई पुरै १—२ हप्ता सम्म सुकाउनु पर्दछ।
• पिधको हिलो सुकाउन सके जंगली माछाहरु निर्मुल हुने र पोखरीको     उत्पादकत्वमा  वृद्धिमा सहयोग पुग्दछ।
•  पोखरीको डिल, पानीको प्रवेश तथा निकास द्वार मर्मत गर्नुपर्दछ।
• सुकेको पोखरीमा घर पोत्ने चूना प्रति कठठा १५ केजीको दरले राख्नु पर्दछ।
•   पोखरी तयारीको कार्य पुरा भए पछि १.५ देखि २ मिटर गहिरो हुने गरी पानी भर्नुपर्दछ।

स्रोतः (केन्द्रिय मत्स्य प्रवर्द्धन तथा संरक्षण केन्द्र, बालाजु)