Various sources of milk contamination

Cite: Swotantra Dangi,Chapter 35 - Various sources of milk contamination,Editor(s): Tanmoy Rana,Handbook of Milk Production, Quality and  Nutrition,Academic Press,2025,Pages 427-435,ISBN 9780443248207,https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-24820-7.00052-3.(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780443248207000523)

Abstract:

Milk in a natural state can be contaminated in numerous ways and in turn affects milk quality. Milk and their product contaminants are classified as infectious and noninfectious agents. Food-borne illnesses are generally infectious or toxic and caused by major infectious diseases such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, chemical substances that gain access into the body through contaminated food or water. Food safety and strict quality control measures are required to ensure nutritional quality and public health safety. Milk has a high food value containing essential nutrients for proper growth and maintenance of the human body. Due to its high nutritive value, global production and milk consumption have increased. The milk and by-products for export and safe human consumption need to pass the strictest quality standards. Apart from this, hazard analysis and critical control points examination to ensure the safety of milk and its products during the manufacturing process is must.

Keywords: Contamination; Developing country; Milk; Milk products; Public health.

                                    

                                                        

                                                              

                                               

 

                                               

Claim process in ALIS Software

 

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 नेपालमा मत्स्य पालनका लागि सिफारिस भएका माछाका जातहरुः

१) कमन कार्प (Cyprinus carpio)                   

२) सिल्भर कार्प (Hypothalmicthys molitrix) 

३) बिग हेड कार्प (Hypothalmicthys nobilis/ Aristichthys nobilis)

 ४) ग्रास कार्प (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

५) रोहु (Labeo rohita)

६) नैनी(Cirhinas mrigala)

७) भाकुर( Catla catla)

८) रेन्बो ट्राउट(Onchorhyncus mykiss)

Source text: (माछा भुरा बारे मापदण्ड २०६१)  

Source image:(krishimala.com)

कृषि बीमाको रियल टाईम सफ्टवयेरको प्रयोग र सफ्टवयेर मार्फत बीमालेख जारी गर्ने प्रकृया

Application of Agriculture Real Time Insurance Software in Nepal

Agriculture contributes 27% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) playing an inevitable role in Nepalese economy. Livestock commodity of the agriculture sector that accounts for 25.7% of agricultural GDP, also plays an important role in daily human nutrition as well as national economy.  Various risk in agriculture such as diseases, pests and climate hazards, natural calamities and accidents cause serious economic loss to the farming communities in Nepal. These risks in needs to be addressed, where the agriculture insurance acts as an important risk bearing mechanism. The conventional insurance models/systems face numerous challenges such as insurance frauds, delayed claims and high operational costs, and less transparent. Agriculture Insurance Real Time Software is integrated technology that would play an inevitable role in mitigating these risks. Thus, the integrated software will play a significant role in enhancing the efficacy of agriculture and livestock insurance, check and balance the insurance frauds. In addition to this, it helps in tracking subsidy amount, claims, reduce operational cost and make the insurance sector more transparent.

The agriculture and livestock insurance policy can be issued through the link below:

Insurance policy issuance process

Link: alis.nia.gov.np

The farmer registers with his mobile number.

↓

Then, after generating an OTP, the user logs in with a password and fills in the KYC.

↓

The farmer requests insurance for the relevant livestock or vegetable farming.

↓

The company's branch reviews the request and either accepts or rejects it. At the same time, the company designates the relevant technician before accepting the request.

↓

Thereafter farmer fills the proposal form himself or through an agent.

↓

The technician will log in and fill in the technical details.

↓

The company's branch will log in and after reviewing the proposal form and technical form, issue a draft insurance policy and send it to the farmer for approval.

↓

The farmer will log in and review the draft insurance policy and accept it if the details are correct.

↓

The company's branch will log in and put the draft insurance policy in pending status.

↓

Finally, it will pull the data from the system to its system through API and issue the insurance policy and finally push the data to the Alis system.

    

SUBSIDY AND CLAIM RATIO TREND OF LIVESTOCK INSURANCE IN NEPAL

RESEARCH ARTICLE BUSINESS, ORGANIZATIONS AND SOCIETY (BOSOC) 

DOI: http://doi.org/10.26480/bosoc.01.2024.52.56 

Swotantra Dangi Department of Agriculture & Livestock Section, Nepal Insurance Authority. *Corresponding Author Email Address: cswotantra@gmail.com 

SUBSIDY AND CLAIM RATIO TREND OF LIVESTOCK INSURANCE IN NEPAL

This is an open access journal distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited ARTICLE DETAILS ABSTRACT Article History: Received 23 August 2024 Revised 18 September 2024 Accepted 11 October 2024 Available online 14 October 2024

Abstract:

Livestock enterprise is prone to various diseases, accidental death and natural calamities. The agriculture & livestock insurance system was developed in 2069 B.S to promote and develop this sector in Nepal reducing risk in agriculture & livestock sector. The government provides an 80% subsidy on the insurance premium to motivate farmers to insure their livestock species and agriculture product and help to enhance productivity & reduce the poverty. To access the status of subsidy and claim ratio and other relevant parameters, the 14 non-insurance companies located in Kathmandu were selected purposively for data collection. The study suggested an increasing trend of sum insured amount, premium, subsidy and claim paid. The average subsidy amount was 620.0413 million. The least subsidy amount was found to be min 5.646187 million in year 2070- 71 while the highest subsidy amount was 1407.618 million in year 2079-80; however, great challenge remains on government part for proper design, planning and subsidy implementation to promote equality, access credit to farmers and efficient reach to target farmers. Regarding claim ratio, the average claim ratio was found to be 65.36%. The least claim ratio was observed 45% in the year 2077-78 while the highest claim ratio was observed 105% in year 2070-71. On an average, only 65% of premium earned by insurance companies are used during claim settlement in livestock insurance 10 years period.

Thus, the proper design, planning and implementation of subsidy and timely claim payment to the farmers are essential for success of livestock insurance program in Nepal. 

KEYWORDS Farmers, Livestock, Insurance, risk coverage, Claim payment, Nepal

नेपालमा पंगास खेती

तराईको विभिन्न स्थानहरु जस्तै; झापा,मोरङ,सिराहा,धनुषा,सर्लाहि, बारा, चितवन, दाङ जिल्लाहरूमा केहि कृषकहरूले पंगास माछा पालन गर्दै आएका छन्। 

यो माछाको भुरा देशमा हालसम्म ब्यवसायिक किसिमले उत्पादन हुन नसक्दा आयातित भुरामा कृषकहरूको ब्यवसाय पुर्ण रूपमा भर परेको अवस्था छ। प्रत्येक बर्ष भारत बाट बिगत केहि बर्ष देखी पंगास माछा आयात भइ रहेको अवस्था छ र  नेपाली उपभोक्ताहरूले क्रमश पंगास माछा मन पराउदै गएको पाइन्छ।

यस गरी देशका बिभिन्न भागमा पंगास माछा पालन भएको हुँदा आगामी दिनमा यसको थप बिस्तार हुने सम्भावना प्रवल देखिन्छ। 

निजि स्तरमा भुरा उत्पादन गराई पंगास माछाको प्रबर्धन गर्ने उदेश्यले सरकारी निकायबाट मत्स्य ह्यचरी निर्माणमा अनुदान दिने कार्य बिगत केहि बर्ष देखी भइरहेको छ भने केहि ब्यवसायिहरूलाइ अन्तराष्ट्रिय बजारबाट तालिम प्रदान गरी उनीहरूको क्षमता वृद्धि गर्ने प्रयासहरू भइरहेका छन। 

 

पंगास माछा पालन गर्दा निम्न कुराहरुमा ध्यान दिनुपर्दछ।

• पुरानो पोखरीको पानी सुकाउनु पर्दछ ।
•  माछाको भुरा राख्नु भन्दा पहिले पोखरीलाई पुरै १—२ हप्ता सम्म सुकाउनु पर्दछ।
• पिधको हिलो सुकाउन सके जंगली माछाहरु निर्मुल हुने र पोखरीको     उत्पादकत्वमा  वृद्धिमा सहयोग पुग्दछ।
•  पोखरीको डिल, पानीको प्रवेश तथा निकास द्वार मर्मत गर्नुपर्दछ।
• सुकेको पोखरीमा घर पोत्ने चूना प्रति कठठा १५ केजीको दरले राख्नु पर्दछ।
•   पोखरी तयारीको कार्य पुरा भए पछि १.५ देखि २ मिटर गहिरो हुने गरी पानी भर्नुपर्दछ।

स्रोतः (केन्द्रिय मत्स्य प्रवर्द्धन तथा संरक्षण केन्द्र, बालाजु)

 

 

Common Milk adulterants in developing country Nepal

Common milk adulterants in developing country Nepal: A short review

Swotantra Dangi Forum for Rural Welfare and Agricultural Reform for Development, Bharatpur-2, Chitwan, Nepal. Dairy for Development in Nepal Project

Milk adulteration is a serious concern in developing country Nepal and is at higher risk due to lack of government policies. Milk is almost a complete food containing essential nutrients required for growth and maintenance of the body. Milk is a high-risk commodity that can be adulterated in numerous ways and turn affects milk quality. The quality and safe milk production are one of the biggest problems faced by developing countries, and Nepal is one of them. The reason behind the milk adulteration is more for economic concerns, but the root cause of adulteration is to increase milk demand during the lean season in developing countries and the existing supply chain. Water being cheap is the most common adulterant added in the milk that decreases the nutrient content of milk. Milk producer also adds the preservatives to increase the shelf life of milk, caustic soda to reduce the milk acidity and materials like urea, starch, sugar and milk powder to increase SNF content. Such milk adulterants can possess serious health hazards to the public leading to fatal diseases. This review shows the common milk adulteration practices in-country Nepal and their impacts on food safety and human health and emphasize potential strategies for control of such adulteration practices.

You can access my article  at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355425597_Common_milk_adulterants_in_developing_country_Nepal_A_short_review_Swotantra_Dangi_Forum_for_Rural_Welfare_and_Agricultural_Reform_for_Development_Bharatpur2_Chitwan_Nepal_Dairy_for_Development_in_Nepal

 

Winter Fodder-Berseem

Berseem (Trifolium Alexandrinum)

Also known as King of Fodder

Winter legume

• Highly Nutritious and palatable, increased production in livestock

• A research has illustrated that feeding berseem reduces the feed cost by 5% as compared to concentrate feeding.

Climate:  

• Tropical & Sub-tropical climate

• Cultivated 1500 m.a.s.l (terai and mid-hills)

Soil: 

• Clay loamy soil is suitable for its growth and it does not grow on acidic soils

• Thoroughly ploughed land is required prior to seed sowing.

Seed Inoculation in Berseem:

• Mix Berseem seeds in inoculum prior to sowing.

• Prepare solution of 1 liter of water and 100 gm of sugar (1:100 gm of Sugar/Molasses)

• Boil till the solution becomes sticky and the solution is prepared

• Thereafter mix the berseem seeds with inoculum and dry it for 2-3 hours which allows seeds to stick properly in inoculum.

• After that, the seeds are sown within 24 hours.

Variety: Out of 12 varieties of Berseem Mescavi, Bradan are popular varieties in Nepal.

Seed Sowing time: Ashoj-Karktik

Method of Sowing:

• Rice Field:

Inoculated berseem seeds are sown in rice fields after introducing little water in rice field.

•  Muddy field:

It is one of the best methods for berseem seeds sowing.

If the irrigation facility is there, then provide up to 2 inches of water on field after ploughing. Thereafter, sowing of berseem seeds is done.

•         Dhule byad: 
  Thorough Ploughing is required to sow berseem seeds in area where the irrigation is limited. Fertilizer should be mixed in the field prior to sowing inoculated seeds.

Seed should not be sown more than 1 inch depth.

Seed rate: 20-25 kg/hectare

Fertilizer: 25:60:25

Irrigation: @ interval of 15-20 days

Fodder Cutting: 50-60 days after sowing.

Green Fodder Production:70-80 Metric ton/hectare

Seed Production:500-700 kg/hectare

Nutrients:

CP: 20-25%

Minerals:9-18%

Ca:1.24-2.13%

P: 0.14-0.57%

 

 

Have you faced loss after purchasing agriculture,livestock and herb insurance? Follow the recommended steps to claim such loss

Claim process in Agriculture, Livestock and Herb Insurance

Ø Inform to company regarding the loss of the insured animals/crops/herbs via telephone, fax, email, SMS or in written form.

Ø   Completely filled Claim form.

Ø   Provide original copy in case of total loss while photocopy of original in case of partial loss.

Ø   Collect the signature, contact number including signature of atleast 5 neighbor.

Ø  Certification by institutions; local level, local Ward office that provide agriculture and livestock services.

Ø  Assessment of loss (Agriculture, livestock and herbs directive, 2079).

Ø   Below 5 lakhs of sum insured- Assessment by company itself.

Ø   Above 5 lakhs of sum insured -Assessment by loss assessor must be done.

Ø   Loss assessor should enclose the 1 video clip of at least 1 minute and 5 photographs captured from different angles along with loss assessed report.

Ø    In case the loss assessor is assigned, the company should assign the loss assessor within 7 days of loss reported.

Ø   The loss assessor should provide the report within 15 days from the assigned time.

Ø    The company after checking all the relevant documents should provide claim amount payment within 35 days of report submission by loss assessor.

 

Want to buy an Agriculture, Livestock and Herbs insurance product? If yes, follow these steps.

Purchase process of an Agriculture, Livestock and Herbs Product 

1.       Select the non-life insurance company.

2.       Fill the proposal form by self or with help of Insurance agent.

3.    Ensure the agriculture crops/herbs are at good condition or animal is/are healthy prior to insurance   verified by relevant technician( Agriculture technician for agriculture & herbs insurance, Livestock   technician for livestock insurance)

4.      Submit the proposal form along with the technical form.

5.      Company underwriting team reviews all the documents.

6.      Determine the premium based on the type of product to be insured.

7.      Premium payment by the farmers.

8.      Receive the receipt of product coverage.

9.      Insurance product purchased.

 Insurance risk coverage starts..

Source( Agriculture, Livestock and Herbs Chinari,NIA,2081)

Trend of fish policy issued in 3 FY

    

Fig1 Line graph showing the provincewise fish policy issued/sold
 in year 2077-78

The line graph illustrates the fish policy issued provincewise in the year 2077-78.The highest fish policy issued were in Madhesh Province followed by Bagmati and then Lumbini province and Karnali being the least.The highest policy issued in Madhesh indicates the fish production is more in case of Madhesh province and fish insurance is likely more there.As per statistics, the fish production in Terai is also highest 5.9 mt hectare

  Fig1 Line graph showing the provincewise fish policy issued/sold

   in year 2078-79

  

           

The line graph illustrates the fish policy issued provincewise in the year 2078-79.The highest fish policy issued were in Madhesh Province followed by Lumbini province and then Koshi province.The karnali province shows the least policy issued.

Fig1 Line graph showing the provincewise fish policy issued/sold

    in year 2079-80

The line graph illustrates the fish policy issued proncewise in the year 2079-80.The highest fish policy issued were in Madhesh Province followed by Lumbini province and then Koshi province.The karnali province shows the least policy issued.

Summary:

The all above line graphs illustrate that the fish policy issued were more in Madhesh province which indicates high fish production in the given area and insurance adoption.On other hand, the least policy issued were found in Karnali province indicating that the fish production is less and fish insurance adoption is least in compared with other provinces.

Source:( Nepal Insurance Authority)

माछा बीमा सम्बन्धी प्राविधिक व्यवस्था तथा जानकारी पृष्ठभूमीः 

नेपालको जैविक विविधता र जलस्रोतमा धनी देश हो। वर्तमान समयमा मत्स्यपालन कृषि क्षेत्रको विकसित उप-क्षेत्रको रुपमा रहेको छ। यहाँ अनेक प्रकारका जल सम्पदाहरु रहेका छन। 

नेपालमा नदी, ताल, रिजरभ्वायर, पोखरी, सिंचाइका नहर-कुलो, सडक छेउका जलाशय, सिमसार तथा घोल र सिंचित धानखेत आदि गरी कुल ८,२७,३१७ हेक्टर जलाशय क्षेत्रफल रहेको छ। विभिन्न प्रकारका कृत्रिम र प्राकृतिक जलाशयहरुमा अनेक जाति प्रजातिका माछाहरु र विभिन्न प्रकारका जलीय जीवहरु समेत पाइन्छन्। 

माछा पालनले प्राकृतिक स्रोत साधन, जलीय जीवहरुको संरक्षंण र सम्वर्द्धन तथा मत्स्यपालनमा प्रयोग भएको नया प्रविधिले दिगो विकासको लक्ष्य अनुरुप मानव जीवनलाई आवश्यक पर्ने पोषक तत्वहरु परिपूर्ति गर्न सहज पुर्याएको छ। विगत १२ वर्षमा मत्स्य उप क्षेत्रको वृध्दिदर दोहोरो अंकमा रहेकोले कृषिका अन्य पेशा मध्ये एक आकर्षक पेशाको रुपमा रहेको छ।

 मत्स्य क्षेत्रको कृषि ग्रार्हस्थ उत्पादनमा १.८३ प्रतिशत योगदान रहेको छ भने कूल ग्रार्हस्थ उत्पादनमा ०.४४ प्रतिशत रहेको छ । (केन्द्रिय मत्स्य प्रवर्द्धन केन्द्र वार्षिक प्रगति पुस्तिका, २०७८-७९) 

वर्तमान अवस्थाः 

मत्स्य क्षेत्रमा संलग्न जनसंख्याः६२,३९७ 

कूल माछा उत्पादनः १,१३,७३६ मे.ट

माछा निर्यातः ३,७३२ मे.ट 

तराईमा पोखरीमा माछा उत्पादनः ५.९ मे.टन प्रति हेक्टर

पहाड:४.६७ मे.टन प्रति हेक्टर 

उच्च पहाड:१.६७ मे.टन प्रति हेक्टर

 स्रोत: (केन्द्रिय मत्स्य प्रवर्द्धन केन्द्र , २०७८-७९) 

माछा पालनका किसिमहरुः

नेपालमा दुई किसिमको माछा पालन भईरहेको छ। 

न्यानो पानीमा हुर्कने माछाहरुः ७ जातका कार्पहरु, ३ वटा स्वदेशी र ४ वटा विदेशी जातहरु क) रोहु ख) नैनी ग) भाकुर घ) कमन कार्प ङ) सिल्भर कार्प च) बिगहेड कार्प छ) ग्रास कार्प 

२) चिसो पानीमा हुर्कने माछाहरुः मध्य-पहाड देखि उच्च पहाडसम्म चिसो हावापानी भएको ठाउँमा(<२० डिग्री सेल्सियस) पालन गर्न सकिन्छ। क) ट्राउट माछा 

नेपालमा मत्स्य पालनका लागि सिफारिस भएका जातहरुः 

१) कमन कार्प,

 २) सिल्भर कार्प, 

३) बिगहेड कार्प, 

४) ग्रास कार्प, 

५) रोहु, 

६) नैनी, 

७) भाकुर, 

८) रेन्बो ट्राउट 

(माछा भूरा मापदण्ड २०६१) 

माछा बीमालेखको विशेष व्यवस्था 

पोखरी वा रेसवेमा माछाको भुरा राखेको १५ दिन भित्र बीमा गरि सक्नु पर्नेछ । 

न्यानो पानीमा हुर्कने माछा जस्तै कार्प र पंगास को हकमा मंसिर, पुस र माघ महिनामा सुरुको स्टक राख्नु हुँदैन।

माछा पालनको लागि तयार गरिएको पोखरी (जलाशय) न्यनूतम दुई सय वर्ग मिटर र कम्तीमा एक मिटर गहिराई हुनपुर्नेछ।

माऊ माछा पालन पोखरीको हकमा पोखरीको क्षत्रफल न्यनुतम दुई हजार वर्ग मिटर सम्म हुनपुर्नेछ । 

पोखरीमा माऊ माछा व्यवस्थापन गर्दा माउ माछा प्रति हेक्टर बढीमा सत्ताइस सय के .जी. हुने गरेर व्यवस्थापन गरी राख्नु पर्नेछ । 

माछा बीमालेखको बीमाशुल्क ३ प्रतिशतका दरले लाग्नेछ ।

स्रोतः (माछा बीमालेख २०८०।०२।३०)

Formulation of goat feed

Feeding guide for goat

Source: A Textbook of Animal Husbandry,G.C Banerjee

Common milk adulterants in developing country Nepal: A short review

Abstract:

Milk adulteration is a serious concern in developing country Nepal and is at higher risk due to lack of government policies. Milk is almost a complete food containing essential nutrients required for growth and maintenance of the body. Milk is a high-risk commodity that can be adulterated in numerous ways and turn affects milk quality. The quality and safe milk production are one of the biggest problems faced by developing countries, and Nepal is one of them. The reason behind the milk adulteration is more for economic concerns, but the root cause of adulteration is to increase milk demand during the lean season in developing countries and the existing supply chain. Water being cheap is the most common adulterant added in the milk that decreases the nutrient content of milk. Milk producer also adds the preservatives to increase the shelf life of milk, caustic soda to reduce the milk acidity and materials like urea, starch, sugar and milk powder to increase SNF content. Such milk adulterants can possess serious health hazards to the public leading to fatal diseases. This review shows the common milk adulteration practices in-country Nepal and their impacts on food safety and human health and emphasize potential strategies for control of such adulteration practices. 

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Author:Dangi, Swotantra

Affiliation:Swotantra Dangi Forum for Rural Welfare and Agricultural Reform for Development, Bharatpur-2, Chitwan, Nepal. Dairy for Development in Nepal 

Publication:Aceh Journal of Animal Science, 2021, Vol 6, Issue 3, p91

ISSN:2502-9568

Publication type:Academic Journal

DOI:10.13170/ajas.6.3.20356